If City are cleared of the more serious charges, Guardiola’s legacy will be viewed as secure.
But if the club is found to have broken financial rules, many will conclude that the wrongdoing helped City to spend more money on better players, and to lay the foundations which Guardiola then built on to achieve so much success, culminating in the Treble triumph of 2023.
In 2024, Jose Mourinho pointedly insisted he won his three Premier League titles with Chelsea “fairly and cleanly”, after being asked about Guardiola making a six-finger gesture after a match, signifying the haul of titles he had won.
Mourinho also joked that he might still be retrospectively awarded a Premier League winners’ medal, if City ended up having titles stripped from them as punishment. As manager of Manchester United, Mourinho had finished second to City in the 2017-18 season.
If City were to be found guilty, there would likely be plenty of references by rival fans to the titles that Guardiola won by just one point (over Liverpool in both 2019 and 2022) and two points (over Arsenal in 2024).
Of course, if City were found guilty, it would be impossible to know if Guardiola would have won less – and how much less – if the club had adhered to the rules.
But such is the scale and seriousness of the charges, in such an event, critics will inevitably argue that his many accomplishments are tainted, even those that occurred after the period the case relates to.
In 2019, with City under investigation by Uefa, Guardiola was directly asked by BBC Sport if his legacy could be affected by the controversy.
“No, absolutely not,” he replied.
But another Premier League club serves as a warning. There is now some scepticism towards the various trophies Chelsea won in the 2010s, after the club was found to have made a catalogue of secret payments to agents over transfers, between 2011 and 2018.
Even if the charges levelled at City are eventually upheld, however, many of the club’s fans would no doubt argue that whatever decisions may have been made behind the scenes by some executives, they should not negate Guardiola’s visionary leadership, his tactical genius or the impact he has had on the game.
“Pep Guardiola’s detractors may try to argue that an asterisk should be added to the trophies he has won with Manchester City because the club’s alleged misrepresentation of revenue and costs gave them a competitive advantage on the field,” says Tim Jotischky, a reputation expert at The PHA Group.
“But, regardless of whether the club is found guilty of some or all the charges, I don’t believe it will damage his legacy.”
But apart from the allegations, what about the suggestion that much of City’s recent success is due to the vast wealth of their Abu Dhabi owner?
For instance, just a year after Guardiola’s arrival at the Etihad Stadium, La Liga president Javier Tebas accused City of “financial doping” in comments the club described as “ill-informed and in parts pure fiction”.
In 2019, the then-Liverpool manager Jurgen Klopp said City were in “fantasia land”, where they could buy whoever they wanted.
Guardiola responded by saying the insinuation that City were spending their way to success “bothers” him.
“In an era when sovereign wealth funds and private equity have transformed the nature of football ownership, Manchester City’s spending is not disproportionate compared to their closest rivals,” argues Jotischky.
“Guardiola’s reputation rests on his wider impact, his ability to reinvent the way others thought about the game and his influence has permeated throughout the football pyramid… it is undeniable that Guardiola’s impact extends beyond trophy count.”
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